Procedimentos diagnósticos e terapêuticos: processo de inserção de habilidades e competências médicas no currículo do curso de medicina da Anhanguera-Uniderp / Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: defining skills and competencies in the medical curriculum of Anhanguera-Uniderp University

INTRODUÇÃO: Há pouca discussão na literatura sobre quais procedimentos médicos o estudante de Medicina deve ser capaz de realizar no final do curso de graduação e em qual momento do currículo escolar eles devem ser inseridos. METODOLOGIA: Uma comissão formada por especialistas de diversas áreas organizou uma lista de possíveis procedimentos médicos diagnósticos e terapêuticos, sugerida por estudos e debates do grupo e que estivessem de acordo com as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais de 2001. Após consenso do grupo, mediante aprovação de mais de 75% dos integrantes da comissão, os procedimentos que de fato deveriam integrar o currículo foram definidos. RESULTADOS: Mais de 50 procedimentos médicos foram definidos, de acordo com o nível de complexidade esperada para o aluno de graduação. Após esta definição, tais procedimentos foram distribuídos na matriz curricular e divididos didaticamente em momentos de aprendizagem de domínio cognitivo e domínio motor. CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo apresentou uma proposta de definição das competências e habilidades relativas aos procedimentos médicos a serem alcançadas pelos estudantes de Medicina de graduação em nossa instituição e teve como objetivo sistematizar a sua distribuição na matriz curricular.

BACKGROUND: There is little discussion in the literature about which medical procedures students must be able to perform at the end of a medical course and at which point of the school curriculum they must be inserted. METHODOLOGY: A commission of specialists from different medical areas organized a list of possible diagnostic and therapeutic medical procedures, suggested by studies and group debates and followed the Brazilian curricular guidelines of 2001. Following group consensus with approval by over 75% of the commission members, the procedures that should actually be part of the school curriculum were defined. RESULTS: Over 50 medical procedures were grouped according to the level of complexity expected of the undergraduate student at the end of medical course. Once these were defined, they were distributed in the curricular grid and split into distinct learning times of the cognitive and motor domains. CONCLUSION: This study presented a proposal to define the competencies and skills relative to medical procedures to be attained by the undergraduate medicine students at our institution, with the objective of systematizing their distribution in the curricular matrix.

Expression of VEGF and collagen using a latex biomembrane as bladder replacement in rabbits

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the VEGF expression and collagen deposition using a latex biomembrane as bladder replacement in rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After partial cystectomy, a patch of a non-vulcanized latex biomembrane (2 x 2 cm) was sewn to the bladder of rabbits with 5/0 monofilament polydioxanone sulfate sutures in a watertight manner. Groups of 5 animals were killed at 15, 45 and 90 days after surgery and the bladder was removed. Sections of 5µm were cut and stained with picrosirius-red in order to estimate the amount of extracellular matrix in the graft. To confirm the presence of VEGF in tissues, protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: No death, urinary leakage or graft extrusion occurred in any group. All bladders showed a spherical shape. A progressive reduction in the amount of collagen occurred in the graft area and was negatively and linearly correlated with time (p < 0.001). VEGF expression was higher in grafted areas when compared to controls at 15 and 45 days after surgery and decreased with time (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The latex biomembrane as a matrix for partial bladder replacement in rabbits promotes temporary collagen deposition and stimulates the angiogenic process.

Is CO2 gas unsufflator necessary for laparoscopic training in animals?

Objective - To verify the efficacy and safety of compressed air to produce pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery in pigs for a training program of residence. Methods - Dalland pigs weighing 15-17kg underwent general anethesia and mechanical ventilation. They were divided in 3 groups: A - (38) the pneumoperitnoneum was established with an automatic COZ insufflator, B - (7) as in A except the C02 gas was changed by compressed air, and C - (11) abdomen insufflation was obtained with compressed air directly from hospital pipe network system. Intra-abdominal pressure in all groups was kept between 12 and 15 mmHg. The laparoscopic procedures performed were distributed proportionally among groups: 20 bilateral nephrectomy, 20 dismembered pyeloplasty and 16 partial nephrectomy. Arterial blood sampling for gasometry was obtained before and 2h after establishment of pneumoperitoneum in 5 pigs of group C. Results - The cost of 25 4,5kg COZ container used in group A was R$ 3,150.00 (U$ 1,050.00). The mean length time of surgeries in groups A, B and C were respectively: 181±30rnin, 196±39min e 210±47min (p>0.05). Respiratory alkalosis occurred in 3 out of 5 pigs of group C. No animal exhibited signs of gas embolism or died during surgery. Conclusion - The use of compressed air for laparoscopy in pigs was safe, reduced costs and did not require the use of an automatic gas insufflator.

Community acquired urinary tract infection: etiology and bacterial susceptibility

Purpose: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the,most common infectious diseases diagnosed. UTI account for a large proportion of antibacterial drug consumption and have large socio-economic impacts. Since the majority of the treatments begins or is done completely empirically, the knowledge of the organisms, their epidemiological characteristics and their antibacterial susceptibility that may vary with time is mandatory. Objetive: The aim of this study was to report the prevalence of uropathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility of the community acquired UTI diagnosed in our institution and to provide a national data. Methods: We analyzed retrospectively the results of urine cultures of 402 patients that had community acquired urinary tract infection in the year of 2003. Results: The mean age of the patients in this study was 45.34 t 23.56 (SD) years. There were 242 (60.2 percent) females and 160 (39.8 percent) males. The most conunonly isolated organism was Escherichia coli (58 percent). Klebsiella sp. (8.4 percent).and Enterococcus sp.(7.9 percent) were reported as the next most common organisms. Of all bacteria isolated from community acquired UTI, only 37 percent were sensitive to ampicillin, 51 percent to cefalothin and 52 percent to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The highest levels of susceptibility were to imipenem (96 percent), ceftriaxone (90 percent), amikacin (90 percent), gentamicin (88 percent), levofloxacin (86 percent), ciprofloxacin (73 percent), nitrofurantoin (77 percent) and norfloxacin (75 percent). Conclusions: Gram-negative agents are the most common cause of UTI. Fluoroquinolones remains the choice among the orally administered antibiotics, followed by nitrofurantoin, second and third generation cephalosporins. For severe disease that require parenteral antibiotics the choice should be aminoglycosides, third generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones or imipenem, which were the most effective.

Prevalence and bacterial susceptibility of hospital acquired urinary tract infection

Purpose: Urinary tract infection is the most common nosocomially acquired infection. It is important to know the etiology and antibiotic susceptibility infectious agents to guide the initial empirical treatment. Objective: To determine the prevalence of bacterial strains and their antibiotic susceptibility in nosocomially ácquired urinary tract infection in a university hospital between January and June 2003. Methods: We analyzed the data of 188 patients with positive urine culture (= 105 colony-forming unitslmL) following a period of 48 hours after admission. Results: Half of patients were male. Mean age was 50.26 ± 22.7 (SD), range 3 months to 88 years. Gram-negative bacteria were the agent in approximately 80 percent of cases. The most common pathogens were E. coli (26 percent), Klebsiella sp. (15 percent), P. aeruginosa (15 percent) and Enterococcus sp. (11 percent). The overall bacteria susceptibility showed that the pathogens were more sensible to imipenem (83 percent), second or third generation cephalosporin and aminoglycosides; and were highly resistant to ampicillin (27 percent) and cefalothin (30 percetn). It is important to note the low susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (42 percent) and norfloxacin (43 percent). Conclusion: This study suggests that if one can not wait the results of urine culture, the best choices to begin empiric treatment are imipenem, second or third generation cephalosporin and aminoglycosides. Cefalothin and ampicillin are quite ineffective to treat these infections.

Adrenalectomia laparoscópica: análise de 11 pacientes / Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: analysis of 11 pacients

OBJETIVO: Analisar a experiência inicial da Divisão de Urologia do HCFMRP-USP na adrenalectomia transperitoneal videolaparoscópica. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva de 11 casos de adrenalectomia transperitoneal laparoscópica realizados de fevereiro de 1999 a março de 2003 sendo 3 em homens( 27 por cento) e 8 em mulheres (73 por cento), idade média de 40,2 ± 13,1 anos. Os pacientes apresentavam os diagnósticos seguintes: adenoma - 5, síndrome de Cushing - 3, feocromocitoma - 1, hiperaldestorismo - 1 e síndrome de Carney - 1. RESULTADOS: A cirurgia foi bilateral em 05 pacientes (45,4 por cento) e unilateral em 06 pacientes (54,6 por cento), destes 04 à direita (36,4 por cento) e 02 à esquerda (18,2 por cento). O tempo médio de internação foi de 3,6 ± 1,1 dias, o tempo médio de cirurgia foi de 220,5 ± 103,7 minutos e a taxa de conversão foi de 18,2 por cento. CONCLUSAO: Os resultados apresentados são similares aos relatados pela literatura, demonstrando que a adrenalectomia videolaparoscópia pode ser realizada de maneira segura e eficiente com benefícios: tempo cirúrgico aceitável, rápida recuperação pós-operatória e alta precoce.

Urolitíase no alotransplante renal / Urinary lithiasis in renal allografts

OBJETIVO: A litíase urinária é uma complicação incomum no alotransplante renal, a incidência varia de 0,02 a 3,4 por cento. A maioria dos cálculos forma-se após o transplante, porém alguns podem ser transferidos junto com o enxerto para o hospedeiro. O tratamento desta complicação está baseado em alguns casos descritos na literatura. O objetivo deste trabalho é o de relatar a incidência da litíase renal no paciente com transplante renal, assim como a conduta adotada no HCFMRPUSP. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 953 pacientes submetidos a transplante renal no HCFMRPUSP, de fevereiro 1968 a maio de 2003. A idade média foi de 47,2 anos (35 a 63 anos). Em 09 pacientes, o rim foi proveniente de doador cadáver e apenas 01 doador vivo. RESULTADOS:Foram diagnosticados 10 casos de litíase (1,05 por cento). Em 02 pacientes (20 por cento) o cálculo foi diagnosticado no intraoperatório, em 01 (10 por cento) no peri-operatório (5º. dia), os 07 restantes (70 por cento) no pós-operatório tardio. Em 04 pacientes (57 por cento) não havia sintomatologia específica, 02 (29 por cento) apresentaram ITU, em 03 (43 por cento) ocorreu elevação da creatinina sérica. De 8 pacientes com litíase no pós-operatorio, em 06 os cálculos estavam localizados no rim e 02 no ureter. Dos pacientes com cálculos renais, 02 foram observados, 02 submetidos a LECO, 01 a nefrolitripsia percutânea, 01 à pielolitotomia. Em 01 paciente com cálculo ureteral foi realizada pielovesicostomia (cálculo + estenose), no outro paciente foi feita a ureterorrenoscopia retrógrada. CONCLUSAO: A urolitíase é complicação rara no transplante renal, a conduta terapêutica no pós-operatório tardio é semelhante à da população geral.

Laparoscopic nephrectomy: analysis of 34 patients

Objective: To analyze the clinical experience of laparoscopic nephrectomy for benign and malignant diseases at a university hospital. Methods: From February 2000 to March 2003, 34 patiems (14 men and 20 women) underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic total nephrectomy at the Hospital das Clinicas - FMRP-USP: 28 (82.3 percent) patients had benign diseases and 6 (17.7 percent) malignant neoplasias. Benign diseases were represented by: urinary stones (N-9, 32.1 percent), chronic pyelonephritis (N-8, 28.6 percent), vesicoureteral reflux (N-4, 14.3 percent), ureteropelvic obstruction (N-3, 10.7 percent), multicystic kidney (N-2, 7.1 percent) and pyonephrosis (N-2, 7.1 percent). Patients age range was 2-79 years (mean - 35,1 years). Results: In 32/34 patients the procedures were accomplished successfully. In 2 (5.8 percent) cases of pyonephrosis, open conversion was necessary due to perinephric abscess and difficulties in dissection of renal hilum. Two patients had intraoperative complications (1 duodenum serous laceration an 1 vascular lesion of renal hilum), but both were managed laparoscopically. Two (5.8 percent) post operative complications (1 delayed bleeding and 1 pancreatic fistula) required open surgical exploration. The mean time of hospital stay was 58h (18 to 240h). Conclusion: Laparoscopic nephrectomy proved to be a method safe and associated with a low rate of morbidity, shorter hospital stay and no casualties.